The neuronal cell-specific proteome

The function of the brain, defined as the central nervous system, is to receive, process and execute the coordinated higher functions of perception, motion and cognition that signify human life. Retina is an extension of the CNS responsible specifically for vision. The cellular components of the underlying and highly complex network of transmitted signals include neurons and supportive glial cells. Transcriptome analysis shows that 76% (n=15321) of all human proteins (n=20090) are detected in neuronal cells and 3825 of these genes show an elevated expression in any neuronal cells compared to other cell type groups.

  • 3825 elevated genes
  • 132 enriched genes
  • 656 group enriched genes
  • Main function: Electrical signalling

Transcriptome analysis shows that 76% (n=15321) of all human proteins (n=20090) are detected in neuronal cells and 3825 of these genes show an elevated expression in any neuronal cells compared to other cell type groups. In-depth analysis of the elevated genes in neuronal cells using scRNA-seq and antibody-based protein profiling allowed us to visualize the expression patterns of these proteins in the following types of neuronal cells: exitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, cone photoreceptor cells, rod photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells and horizontal cells.

The neuronal cell transcriptome

The scRNA-seq-based neuronal cell transcriptome can be analyzed with regard to specificity, illustrating the number of genes with elevated expression in each specific neuronal cell type compared to other cell types (Table 1). Genes with an elevated expression are divided into three subcategories:

  • Cell type enriched: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in a certain cell type compared to any other cell type.
  • Group enriched: At least four-fold higher average mRNA level in a group of 2-10 cell types compared to any other cell type.
  • Cell type enhanced: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in a cell certain cell type compared to the average level in all other cell types.


Table 1. Number of genes in the subdivided specificity categories of elevated expression in the analyzed neuronal cell types.

Cell type Tissue origin Cell type enrichedGroup enrichedCell type enhancedTotal elevated
Excitatory neurons Brain 23 460 1789 2272
Inhibitory neurons Brain 25 466 1650 2141
Cone photoreceptor cells Eye 24 110 518 652
Rod photoreceptor cells Eye 28 101 636 765
Bipolar cells Eye 21 100 577 698
Horizontal cells Eye 11 99 680 790
Any neuronal cells 132 656 3037 3825


Excitatory neurons

As shown in Table 1, 2272 genes are elevated in excitatory neurons compared to other cell types. NEUROD6 a member of the NEUROD family of genes is one of the elevated genes in excitatory neurons and may be a trans-acting factor involved in the development and maintenance and differentiation of the CNS. Another enriched gene is HTR2A which is a serotonin receptor. Mutations in this gene are associated with suceptibility to different mental disorders.



NEUROD6 - brain

NEUROD6 - brain

NEUROD6 - hippocampus


HTR2A - brain

HTR2A - brain

HTR2A - cerebellum

Inhibitory neurons

As shown in Table 1, 2141 genes are elevated in inhibitory neurons compared to other cell types. Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of GABA and known to be expressed in the majority of cortical GABAergic interneurons as well as in purkinjecells of the cerebellum. Another example is tachykinin percursor 1 (TAC1) a member of the tachykinin peptide hormone family which has a whole range of effects when interacting with nerve receptors and smooth muscle cells. TAC1 is known to invoke behavioral responses and act as vasodilators and stimulate secretion.



GAD1 - brain

GAD1 - brain

GAD1 - cerebellum


TAC1 - brain

TAC1 - brain

TAC1 - cerebral cortex

Cone photoreceptor cells

As shown in Table 1, 652 genes are elevated in cone photoreceptor cells compared to other cell types. Cone photoreceptors cells are the less abundant of the two types of photoreceptor cells found in the retina. They register red, green and blue colors and thus allow color vision. Two examples of proteins expressed in cone photoreceptor cells are guanylate cyclase activator 1B (GUCA1B) and arrestin 3 (ARR3). Both are involved in the return of photoreceptor cells to a deactivated state at the end of the phototransduction. GUCA1B is expressed in both cone and rod photoreceptor cells, while ARR3 is active specifically in cone photoreceptor cells.



GUCA1B - eye

GUCA1B - eye

GUCA1B - retina



ARR3 - eye

ARR3 - eye

ARR3 - retina


Rod photoreceptor cells

As shown in Table 1, 765 genes are elevated in rod photoreceptor cells compared to other cell types. There are two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina: rod and cone photoreceptors cells, and out of these rod photoreceptor cells are most abundant. They register the presence of light and allow vision during low light conditions. Two proteins essential for rod function are rhodopsin (RHO) and G protein subunit gamma transducin 1 (GNGT1). They are involved in two different steps of phototransduction, the process of conversion from light to nerve signals.



RHO - eye

RHO - eye

RHO - retina



GNGT1 - eye

GNGT1 - eye

GNGT1 - retina


Bipolar cells

As shown in Table 1, 698 genes are elevated in bipolar cells compared to other cell types. Similarly to horizontal cells, also bipolar cells are located in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. They fine-tune the transmission of nerve signals from photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells in response to phototransduction. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 (TRPM1) is an example of a protein expressed in bipolar cells. It is a cation channel necessary for the activation of ON-bipolar cells in light conditions. Another gene enriched in bipolar cells is G protein subunit gamma 13 (GNG13) which can modulate or transduce various transmembrane signalling systems.



TRPM1 - eye

TRPM1 - eye

TRPM1 - retina


GNG13 - eye

GNG13 - eye

GNG13 - retina


Horizontal cells

As shown in Table 1, 790 genes are elevated in horizontal cells compared to other cell types. Horizontal cells are located in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. They modulate nerve signaling that is produced during phototransduction by inhibiting or activating signals from photoreceptor cells depending on varying light conditions. Paired box 6 (PAX6) is a transcription factor involved in the development of several tissues, including the eye. In the retina, it is expressed in horizontal cells, as well as other cell types.



PAX6 - eye

PAX6 - eye

PAX6 - retina


Neuronal cell function

Neuronal cells are electrically excitatory cells that communicate through their synapses that connect to other neurons within its neuronal network. There are classes of neurons that serve different functions. Among those are sensory neurons, that receive signals from sensory organs such as skin, eyes and ears when affected by a stimulus, motor neurons that control movement and muscle contraction when receiving signals from the spinal cord and the brain, and interneurons, a network that connects neurons with other neurons and forming a neuronal circuit. The typical neuronal cell consists of an axon, a cell body and dendrites. The signaling in neurons can be inhibitory or excitatory where the signal is driven by a membranous voltage gradient called action potential that generates a pulse that travels through the axon into the synapses.

The histology of organs that contain neuronal cells, including interactive images, is described in the Protein Atlas Histology Dictionary.


Background

Here, the protein-coding genes expressed in neuronal cells are described and characterized, together with examples of immunohistochemically stained tissue sections that visualize corresponding protein expression patterns of genes with elevated expression in different neuronal cell types.

The transcript profiling was based on publicly available genome-wide expression data from scRNA-seq experiments covering 29 tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). All datasets (unfiltered read counts of cells) were clustered separately using louvain clustering, resulting in a total of 536 different cell type clusters. The clusters were then manually annotated based on a survey of known tissue and cell type-specific markers. The scRNA-seq data from each cluster of cells was aggregated to mean normalized protein-coding transcripts per million (nTPM) and the normalized expression value (nTPM) across all protein-coding genes. A specificity and distribution classification was performed to determine the number of genes elevated in these single cell types, and the number of genes detected in one, several or all cell types, respectively.

It should be noted that since the analysis was limited to datasets from 29 tissues and PBMC only, not all human cell types are represented. Furthermore, some cell types are present only in low amounts, or identified only in mixed cell clusters, which may affect the results and bias the cell type specificity.


Relevant links and publications

Uhlén M et al., Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science (2015)
PubMed: 25613900 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260419

Fagerberg L et al., Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics. (2014)
PubMed: 24309898 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M113.035600

Sjöstedt E et al., An atlas of the protein-coding genes in the human, pig, and mouse brain. Science. (2020)
PubMed: 32139519 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5947

Menon M et al., Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the human retina identifies cell types associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Commun. (2019)
PubMed: 31653841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12780-8

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